Advertising And The Sales Promotional Schemes

Advertising And The Sales Promotional Schemes The advertisement done today is far more different then the old era. Now, the emergence of new technology, the growth in the internet usage, rapidly changing environment, changing way of communications, fragmentation of mass markets, growing economies, and globalization has changed the overall marketing to use different other communication mediums and techniques with the old ones (newspapers, TV and Radio). Every day we are bombarded with different advertising messages whether it is on the radio while were driving to work, on television during our favorite programs, or in magazines and newspapers. Advertising has entered every area of our lives, and many of us choose to ignore it on many occasions. This might cause one to ask, can advertising and promotional efforts still are effective if people are so saturated with information? The answer is yes, advertising and promotions can be effective if used properly for targeting the right consumer. One of the main rules in advertising has always been to keep message simple and consistent and repeat it often. It has been shown that people remember advertising if they see it with great frequency, which explains why while watching hours of television one may see the same advertisement two or even three times even more. That way the message will positioned in ones mind. Integrated Marketing Communication One of the most important aspects of advertising and promoting a product or service is consistency. Companies ensure the consistency of their message by coordinating all of their promotional activities. This coordination of activities into a system or strategic plan is referred as integrated marketing communications (IMC). IMC creates a unified message and enhances the effectiveness of reaching the target consumer. Firms will create one message that will be used consistently throughout a marketing campaign. It is important that the promotional strategy also be in alignment with the organizational goals. There are three major aspects of an IMC plan:- Research Creative Aspects Implementation. Research and analysis are used to find the best way to design the product or service the most effective message and media to use and the best means to distribute the product or service at the optimal price. The creative aspect is the actual advertising, copywriting and designing of promotional materials. Implementation is the act of putting the plan together, creating a strategy and seeing it through. Planning an integrated marketing communications plan also means finding target market determining what is unique about the product offering or service providing constructing a positioning strategy for product or service deciding what the best message would be for product and choosing the optimal marketing mix in relation to allowed marketing budget. Ideally an effective IMC campaign will differentiate the product or service from a competitors generate a flow of leads be consistent with and support the overall branding strategy cause the company to have a more prominent place in the market. Communicate the companys experience and knowledge and help to retain existing customers. The Promotional Mix The promotional mix is the use of different advertising and communication channels in a coordinated way to run an effective marketing campaign. These coordinated campaigns are part of an effective integrated marketing communications plan. The four main methods of promotion within the mix are:- Advertising Sales Promotion Personal Selling Public Relations The most important factor in determining the optimal mix is identifying the target market. This can be determined through extensive market research. Once a company knows its target market it can then research its use of various media outlets in order to come up with the best combination of marketing materials to reach the defined target. For example if the target market is stay-at-home moms, an organization might find that television advertisements during certain daytime television shows are most effective for reaching them. If the target market is a young professional, the marketer might find that using billboards in a downtown commercial district and morning drive time radio advertisements are effective for getting the message to this target market. The size of the promotional budget will greatly influence the chosen mix as well. Television advertising can be very costly and therefore may not be a feasible option for a company with a smaller marketing budget at least not during pri me viewing hours on major networks. Often the amount of money a firm spends on promotional activities will be affected by the product life cycle general economic conditions and the competition. The promotional mix may involve a company coordinating its loyalty program with advertising campaigns and a promotional deal. Advertising Advertising is paid communication brought to audiences through different forms of media such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines and billboards. A company uses advertising to inform, persuade or remind its target market of its products or services. Comparative advertising is used to differentiate a companys products in the marketplace from other similar products. For example The Pepsi Challenge campaign was a form of comparative advertising in which consumers were asked to take blind taste tests to see if they could tell the difference between the products. Coca-Cola uses reminder ads to show us how refreshing the beverage can be on a hot day. 1.4. Different Medium of Advertising and Sales Promotion Advertising Mediums There are advantages and disadvantages to each media type and when selecting the advertising mediums to use companies must understand who their target audience is and which the most effective method for reaching them is. Marketers must be able to divide their budgets among the various media resources in order to stretch them the farthest to reach the most customers. Television Television advertising is the leading medium for reaching Indian audiences. Although a very expensive form of advertising, television ads reach the largest percentage of the Indian population at once and can be very appealing due to their visual nature as well as their sound. TV ads can be classified into national, local, and cable advertisements. The type of network chosen will depend on which audience the marketer is trying to reach. If the advertisement is for a local restaurant the company may choose to advertise only on local stations or in local ad space on cable channels or national networks. The time an advertisement is shown is also an important decision that companies must make in order to reach the target audience. Budgetary constraints will also be a factor in choosing time slots for advertisements. Print Advertisements Advertising in newspapers and magazines is another way of reaching customers with a companys message. Print ads are effective because of their visual quality and can be run in many different types of publications. Marketers selling products or services to consumers may choose national publications such as India Today or local newspapers such as the Times of India and Hindustan Times. Businesses trying to sell products or services to other businesses will often advertise in trade publications of the industries they are trying to reach. Companies may also target specialized publications for example a new computer product may be advertised in PC World or another specialty technology publication. Print ads have a longer life than electronic media ads and are good for telling a story about the value of a product or service. Radio Although lacking the visual appeal radio can be an effective medium for reaching target consumers. The average radio listener tunes in for three hours a day and often on a regular basis. When using radio advertisements in marketing mix it is necessary to make sure that the company and product or service is clearly identified. As with television it is also necessary to find the right station for advertising to the target consumer. If your service is a bar for college students you may choose to advertise in the evenings on a college station or an alternative rock station and if your target audience is senior citizens you may advertise on news stations or a talk show. Internet The Internet has become an important electronic medium and its interactive quality is unique. It permits immediacy of purchase and a high level of convenience. It can be personalized and individualized. The Internet and the World Wide Web are becoming essential tools in an integrated marketing plan and effective tools in sustaining customer loyalty and satisfaction. Direct Mail Mailing advertisements or promotions directly to peoples homes is another commonly used method of reaching consumers. Direct mail campaigns can be expensive due to printing and postage costs but these campaigns can be effective if the mailings reach the right consumers. Often companies will purchase lists of consumers or collect data themselves to build a mailing list. The people on these lists will then be sent targeted mailings. Telemarketing The utilization of telemarketing has been greatly affected in India by the recent implementation of the national Do Not Call registry, where millions of Indians signed up to have their telephone numbers removed from telemarketer lists. Internationally however regulations regarding telemarketing vary and it may still be a very effective method of reaching consumers. The downside of telemarketing is that most people do not like the invasiveness of being called at home though unfortunately many mass marketers find the risk of offending non receptive households is offset by the effective results and benefits from these marketing methods. Outdoor and Out of Home The majority of outdoor advertising rupees are spent on billboards. Billboards are a popular way of reaching commuters and consumers in a single geographic location. Other forms of outdoor advertising known as out of home include sports stadium ads, bus shelter posters, or signage on buses and taxis. Advertising Trends A very popular way of getting a message across is using celebrity endorsements. Advertising companies are willing to pay money in order to hire celebrities to represent their brands. Celebrities are part of an advertising message and campaign. Of course using a celebrity spokesperson can be a risk. When choosing a celebrity to endorse products, it is important to find an appropriate match with the product or service. The relationship should be believable. It is also important that the celebrities endorsing the product be credible. They should either have expertise in the field or be trustworthy characters. Sponsorships This is a well-used form of promotion and advertising that allows the company to buy into a sporting event or activity. The amount of investment in a sponsorship can range from an athletic company supporting a college sports team by providing them with brand-name uniforms in order to promote the brand to a company sponsoring a cricket game. For example Pepsi and Coke use to take sponsorship of cricket time to time. Infomercials Another trend in advertising is the infomercial. This is an extended television advertisement and usually runs at off peak hours or on lower-budget television or cable networks. Infomercials are usually at least a half hour long. Some of the most popular items that are sold through infomercials are fitness videos, skin care products and kitchenware. Often they will feature celebrity endorsements and offer products that cannot be purchased in stores. Their low-budget appearance and late-night showing often characterize infomercials. Once the consumer is convinced to purchase the product he or she will then be able to call and order the product over the telephone generating a direct response to the infomercial. Sales Promotion Sales promotion consists of many activities used to sell products. They are activities that give consumers a short-term incentive to make a purchase. Sales promotions are also activities that change the price and value relationship of a product as perceived by the target audience with the possible effect of generating immediate sales. It is possible that a sales promotion can also alter the long term value of the brand by making what might be a premium product more affordable. Sales promotions are generally time-bound programs that require participation on the part of the consumer through either immediate purchase or some other action. The fundamental goals of sales promotion are tactical, strategic and ultimate. The tactical goals are to combat a competitors increase in market share to combat other competitors promotional efforts and to move brands that are either declining, overstocked, damaged or not selling fast enough. The strategic goals are to motivate consumers to switch from a rival brand to increase product consumption to reinforce the marketing communications efforts for the brand and to motivate brand loyalty. The ultimate goal of a sales promotion is to increase sales, profits and market share. There are different channels for sales promotions which include consumer promotions and trade promotions. Consumer Promotions Consumer promotions are geared toward getting consumers to try a companys products. Some examples of consumer promotion activities include coupons, rebates, sampling, sweepstakes, point-of-purchase displays and special packs. Coupons Whether we cut coupons from newspapers and magazines or getting them in the mail, coupons are a very popular form of sales promotion. They are very effective especially in economic downturns for luring people into restaurants or causing them to make repeat purchases of products. E-coupons are another popular form of sales promotion they are extremely effective for luring in customers and are redeemed by 57 percent of the people who click on them. The most popular uses of e-coupons are for sales of groceries, books and health and music products. The disadvantage of coupons is that they do not encourage brand loyalty most consumers who use coupons regularly are willing to switch brands if there is a better discount available. Rebates Rebates are partial refunds that are offered by the manufacturers. Often manufacturers will use mail-in rebates as incentives for purchasing. The consumer must purchase the product at full price and then fill out paperwork and mail in the receipt in order to receive some money back. Rebate programs allow marketers to promote a companys product at a reduced poster bate price also called MRP offering a substantial savings to its customers but also requiring that a set of conditions be met to qualify. Sampling Companies will often send or hand out samples of products in order to attract customers who may not have purchased their products otherwise. Beverage companies may target college students and hand out soft drinks on campuses, or a food company may set up a stand in a grocery store so that consumers can sample their new chips. You may even receive a trial bottle of shampoo in the mail or you may remember receiving the India Online (IOL) CD in the mail offering 100 free hours of Internet access. These are all examples of sampling, and the intention of these promotions is to introduce a new product or service to a consumer in order to generate brand loyalty. Sampling can be a costly method of attracting customers and it often results in wasted distribution however it can be a very effective method for getting consumers to switch brands. Sweepstakes and Contests Sweepstakes and contests are another strategy of sales promotion. Data will be collected from consumers and they will be entered to win a prize. Companies can use the information that they collect from entrants in order to develop a mailing list for future promotional campaigns. Organizations must be sure to print all the guidelines for their sweepstakes or contests in order to avoid legal entanglements. Some of the guidelines companies should follow in order to put on a successful sweepstakes promotion include the following:- Clarify who is eligible Indicate states where the promotion is not valid Declare the termination date of the promotion Clarify random drawing procedures Companies should also detail the prizes disclose the odds of winning declare a deadline for entry and reserve the right to use winners names and photographs for publicity. Point-of-Purchase Displays Point-of-purchase (POP) promotional materials are displays that are set up in stores in order to prominently display products. At a grocery store a POP is usually placed in front of the store, at the end of an aisle, in the aisle or on the shelf. POP displays are very successful due to the fact that many people make last-minute purchasing decisions. Bundling Sometimes companies bundle products together in order to promote a new product or to encourage consumers to try a complementary product such as a free small conditioner bundled with a shampoo purchase or a free disposable razor with a shaving cream purchase. A company may also offer a bonus pack or a special pack with 20 percent more in order to encourage a customer to purchase a product. Give a ways Another strategy used by companies is that of special promotional items to be given away. These may be hats or T-shirts advertising the company or brand. For example, many times credit card Advertising

Aborted Aspirations in Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker R

Aborted Aspirations in Pat Barker's Regeneration Pat Barker's riveting World War I novel Regeneration brilliantly exemplifies the effectiveness of fiction united with historical facts. While men aspired to gain glory from war and become heroes, Regeneration poignantly points out that not all of war was glorious. Rather, young soldiers found their aspirations prematurely aborted due to their bitter war experiences. The horrible mental and physical sicknesses, which plagued a number of soldiers, caused many men to withdraw from the battlefield. Feelings of guilt and shame haunted many soldiers as they found themselves removed from the heat of war. Men, however, were not the only individuals to experience such feelings during a time of historical upheaval. Women, too, found themselves at war at the dawn of a feminine revolution. One of the most contentious topics of the time was the practice of abortion, which comes to attention in chapter 17 on pages 202 and 203 of Barker's novel. Through Baker's ground-breaking novel, we learn how m en and women alike discovered that in life, not all aspirations are realized; in fact, in times of conflict, women and men both face desperate situations, which have no definite solutions. Illustrated in Barker's novel by a young woman named Betty, and many broken soldiers, society's harsh judgments worsen the difficult circumstances already at hand. As men engaged in war overseas, women gained many opportunities in their every day life. New employment opportunities became attainable to women. In women's health, many new medical practices were conventionalized as well. One of the most pivotal medical advancements of the time was the commercialization of birth control ("Marie Stopes"). However, n... ...omen did or did not abort their unborn child varied, it can be inferred that social disgrace would result from whatever choice was made. The decisions we make today, can create life-long repercussions. Regeneration poignantly points out that not all is fair in war, or life. Works Cited "Abortion: In Law, History & Religion." Childbirth By Choice Trust. May 1995. 26 April 2004. <http://www.cbctrust.com/abortion.html> Barker, Pat. Regeneration. New York: Plume, 2003. Horden, Anthony. Legal Abortion: The English Experience. New York: Pergamon Press, 1971. "Marie Stopes." Spartacus. 7 December 2001. 26 April 2004. <http://www.spartacus .schoolnet.co.uk/Wstopes.htm> Raffel, Brian, Monica Borgone, Michael D'Ambrosio and Rebecca Heydon. "Abortion Around the World." 1999. 30 April 2004. <http://apdude0.tripod.com/abortionaroundtheworld/index.html>

Gym Goers

Three Categories of Gym-Goers NAU: Composition 1 Three Categories of Gym-Goers People go to the gym to benefit their lifestyles by getting back in shape, right? Most people that go to the gym do not fit into any other category other than â€Å"normal†, meaning that there is nothing specific about them that stick out. Then there are those who definitely stick out with certain qualities you just can’t seem to escape from. There are always different categories gym-goers fall into and they are starting to stand out more and more.The different categories you will find at the gym are; the coach, the loud meathead showoff, and the social butterfly. The first category is â€Å"the coach†. The coach is the guy that thinks he knows everything about anything. Typically these types of people are yelling from across the gym that â€Å"you can do it! † or â€Å"you’re not doing that right† then goes on to tell you the exact steps about the exercise as if y ou wanted their help. These people will have on the best work out clothes and shoes you can get because they think they make you perform better.Right when you think they are gone and have left you alone, there they are right by your side again coaching you through your workout. Nothing is worse than when you are running and someone comes up and tries talking to you, but these people are there telling you that you need to go faster and start nagging on the way that you are running. You might give them dirty looks in the mirror and try to tell them to go away, but you can’t talk or yell at them because you can’t breathe from all the running. The second category is â€Å"the loud meathead showoff†.Many of times these types of gym goers are the people wearing shirts that show off their muscles and always are looking in the mirror flexing. They are constantly screams â€Å"oh yeah! † and grunt very loudly to make sure everyone in the gym hears them to draw att ention. They are the type of people that will go right next to someone while working out making sure they are doing everything ten times better than that person. You see these people usually with buddies that do the same thing and they will grunt face to face while flexing at each other and saying â€Å"WHOO! They might come over to you while you are doing pull-ups, grab the bar, and do five pull-ups to your one while they grunt loudly. They tend to hang out in a group at the end of their work out and have a protein shake and converse about who lifted more, how many reps they did, and when they will meet tomorrow for their next work out. The third category is â€Å"the social butterfly†. Usually, this is the person that goes to the gym with hopes of working out but never actually does so because they are too busy talking to everyone. They know absolutely everyone at the gym by first and last name and what they do for a living.They try their hardest to be involved in every jo ke and conversation. They might start on the treadmill but then they see someone, get off the treadmill, and have an hour conversation with that person. They are almost always the nicest person in the gym and will come over while you are stretching to say hi so they can avoid working out. They are the people that are at the gym for a few hours and claim that they did an hour of cardio and an hour of weight training just to make their selves feel better about the fact that they talked to people the whole time they were there.They will usually spend about thirty minutes on one machine just because they are having a conversation about the new iphone with the person next to them. If they would spend as much time working out as they did flapping their jaws they would be in great shape. No one really likes these people while they are working out, but somehow they are always at every gym you attend. I only wrote about three types of gym-goers, so imagine how many other categories there are and what you would name them. Take a look next time and see who you can spot out. I guarantee you’ll find at least one of these people lurking around your gym.

Questions to Ask During an Academic Job Interview

Every year graduate students, recent graduates, and postdocs to make the rounds on the academic job interview circuit. When youre looking for a faculty position at a college or university in this difficult academic job market, its easy to forget that your job is to evaluate how well the position matches your needs. In other words, you should ask questions during your academic job interview. Why? First, it shows that youre interested and attentive. Second, it shows that youre discriminating and wont just take any job that comes along. Most importantly, its only by asking questions that youll obtain the information that you need to decide if the job is really for you. Questions to Consider The following are various questions that you can examine and custom fit for your specific interview: How is the university organized? What are the major units and administrators of the school and what are their responsibilities? What does the organizational flow chart look like? (Note that you should do your homework beforehand and be somewhat familiar with the university; ask additional questions to clarify your understanding.)How are departmental decisions made?How often are departmental meetings held? Are decisions made in departmental meetings? Who is eligible to vote on departmental decisions (e.g., all faculty or only tenured faculty)?May I have a copy of the departmental annual report?Whats the relative importance of teaching, research, and service for promotion and tenure?What is the average time that faculty members spend in each academic rank? How long is it before assistant professors are reviewed for promotion and tenure?What is the nature of the tenure review process?About what percent of faculty receive tenure?Can grants be used to supplement salary?What type of retire ment program is there? What percentage of the salary goes to retirement? What does the school contribute?What type of health program exists? What are the costs and benefits?How many undergraduate and graduate students are presently in the department? How are their numbers changing?Tell me about your student population.Where do the undergraduate students go after graduation?What kinds of technology are available in the classroom?How well does the library meet departmental needs? Are the reserves adequate?What courses are you looking to fill?How do the department and university support the improvement of teaching?What are the departments research strengths and weaknesses?What are the departments plans for growth and hiring?What resources for research are available within the department (e.g., computer facilities, equipment)Is there a research office on campus to help faculty write grants?How important is research in determining tenure and promotion?Is outside grant support essential f or promotion and tenure?How are graduate students supported?How do graduate students select research advisors?What kinds of financial support are available for research and supplies?Is this a new position? If not, why did the faculty member leave? Final Advice One final caveat is that your questions should be informed by your research on the department and school. That is, dont ask questions about basic information that can be gleaned off of the department website. Instead ask a followup, in-depth questions that show that youve done your homework and that you are interested in knowing more.

Vaccines And Autism Do Vaccines Cause Autism - 1231 Words

Science or Pseudoscience? I. Vaccines Autism Do Vaccines cause Autism? II. Abstract Do vaccines cause autism is a question that has been bouncing around for over twenty years. The increase in the number of diagnosed cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased significantly and due to the impact this has in people’s lives several studies have been done in an effort to determine the cause. More specifically the MMR, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, vaccination has been accused of being the cause of autism. This accusation then contributed to families not vaccinating their children. Even though science disproves the link between vaccines and autism in several studies done in the United Kingdom, California, and Canada, many people cling to the vaccination-autism connection (Gerber, 2009). III. Introduction and Literature Review The diagnosis of autism has increased in the past twenty to thirty years, which has many people wondering and seeking the cause of this increase. Some say the increase is due to better diagnostics and more awareness (Gerber, 2009) (Rimland, 2009). Still others cling to the theory that the MMR vaccination is the cause of autism (Goldschmidt, 2014). Throughout research done on the possible link between vaccines and autism, there have been three hypotheses: (1) the combination MMR vaccine causes autism by damaging the intestinal lining, which allows the entrance of encephalopathic proteins; (2) thimerosal, an ethylmercury-containing preservativeShow MoreRelatedDo Vaccines Cause Autism?2029 Words   |  9 PagesEmily Peters Kiera Ball ENGL 101T 6 May 2015 Do Vaccines Cause Autism? Contrary to popular belief, autism is the result of a specific genetic mutation where it makes the person diagnosed have an inability to interact with others. According to Kavin Senapathy, Validating â€Å"the fact that GMOs and vaccines don’t cause autism, scientists have now linked mutations in over a hundred genes to autism in two recent studies published in Nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¦ â€Å"about 30 percent of those found in these studies occurredRead MoreVaccines Do Not Cause Autism Essay3070 Words   |  13 PagesVaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and saf e, and must receive the approval of theRead MoreVaccines Do Not Blame Vaccines For Children?1271 Words   |  6 Pagesautistic it is blamed on vaccinations. 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Parents believe that vaccine caused their child to develop autism because autism symptoms become apparent around the same time that children were gettingRead MoreHow Vaccines Don t Cause Autism849 Words   |  4 PagesKnott 1 Ethan Knott Engrish 9 2 June 2016 How Vaccines don’t cause Autism Imagine this, you have had your first child. You want to protect your child at all costs. Your child is young and innocent and you want them to be protected from all illnesses. The doctor asks if you want your child to be vaccinated. You do a search about the risks from getting vaccinated and you learn that it supposedly can cause autism. Even though you know that you want your child to live a healthy life Imagine this, youRead MoreAutism Is A Fast Growing Disorder1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Autism is a fast growing disorder in the United States, the symptoms start occurring in between the ages of 2 to 3 years old. The cause of this epidemic has remained unknown, but several hypotheses have been studied. Throughout those couple of years, children get as many as 32 shots at least (â€Å"Child and Adolescent Schedule†). Parents all over the world have came to concern that vaccines can develop autism. Many studies have came about through this year with vaccines causing Autism in childrenRead MoreAutism Is A Neurodevelopmental Disorder962 Words   |  4 PagesAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is the most severe form of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This illness causes impairments of social abilities, language, speech, and behaviors (DeLong, 2011, p.903). Autism is growing rapidly in the United States beginning in the 1990s (DeLong, 2011, p.903). It becomes the great public health concern. The genetics plays a role in autisms. However, environmental facto rs also can trigger autism. So the question about whether vaccination is one of these environmentalRead MoreThe Mmr Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism873 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s chance of getting autism. Studies have shown following the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine children become diagnosed with autism. Parents are risking bringing back diseases that before vaccinations killed and threatened the lives of many people. The MMR vaccine does not cause autism, because the doctor who published the first study about this theory has since lost his medical license, many more studies have proven the correlation is a myth, and Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy organizationRead MoreNo Link Between Receiving Vaccines And Developing Asd1572 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines Causing Autism For years there has been a debate as to if vaccines cause autism. There are people who claim their child has become autistic after being vaccinated. For example, Jenny McCarthy is a well-known case. She claims her son became autistic after being vaccinated, says he has seizures and developed symptoms of autism, she quote on quote said: â€Å" if you ask a parent of an autistic child if they want the measles or the autism, we will stand in line for the measles.† Although peopleRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders784 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with communication, impairment of social functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of criteria. There are three symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction across contexts, four symptoms of restricted

Similarities Between Humans And Humans - 1067 Words

Have you ever noticed the similarities of humans and chimpanzees? Both species have opposable thumbs, the ability to use tools, walk on two legs, etc. But, can you considered these two species related? Many scientists argues that chimpanzees and Homo sapiens came from a common ancestor, supported by the theory of evolution. The theory of evolution brought many interpretation from scientists and people. But can you considered the theory of evolution, a fact or fiction? In my opinion, the theory of evolution is considered a fact, supported by the changes in species, common ancestry, and is evident in today’s modern life. To understand the debatable topic of evolution, the theory of evolution must be incorporated. Charles Darwin who was a†¦show more content†¦In some cases, scientists uses cladogram, which helps show a cladistics relationship between a numbers of species. When species evolve, their genetic makeup changes, Genetic variation arises through two process, mut ation and recombination. M Mutation and recombination occurs in evolution, resulting having genetic variation of species. This also result natural selection which is part of the theory of evolution. When a species is now living in a change environment, mutation can occur, allowing it to adapt in its new environment. For example, in the article, Chytrid Fungus: Some Frogs have developed Genetic Immunity, Study shows, by Samantha Mathewson, the deadly chytrid fungus has plagued numerous amphibians worldwide, but new research suggest that some frogs have developed a genetic immunity to this pathogen. Biologist Anna Savage stated: â€Å"Our research has found that some lowland leopard frog populations have evolved to tolerate infection due to variation in immune system genes than enable some individuals to survive.† (Mathewson), which shows how the frogs evolve where a trait was passed onto them, allowing them to survive demonstrating natural selection. Overall, mutations and rec ombination are the key concepts of natural selection which is the concept of evolution. In addition to the concept of evolution, species evolved along different paths from a common ancestor. The article, You Share 70%

Planning and Coordinating Projects

Question: Discuss about the Planning and Coordinating Projects. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to focus on the basic understanding of managing organization through the management competencies. The essay is about planning and coordinating the projects in the software company in which I have been working for some time. The software company has faced many challenges while managing the process of the organization because of the complexity of the projects in terms of time cost and quality. Management process in the organization can be described as the various activities operated by the organization by the managers. They take care of the responsibilities of the work in the organization. Along with this, he is also responsible for the advisory duties in support of key management activities. Every organization has many ideas to operate the business effectively. Managers need skills that are required for operating the effective business. An effective organization ensures that every member should have the knowledge of every project for the success of the organiz ation. The aim of this essay is to address the management of the organization by focusing on the management competencies in the software industry. For the discussion, one of the main management competences has been taken in this essay which I have learned during the work in the organization (Hammer, 2010). Personal reflection on the management competencies in workplace By the readings of management books and journals, past experience and teachings, I have discovered the management skills and competencies to manage and address the challenges and problems in the organization. The software industry has dynamic environment and complexities so there is the need to develop the management skills to deal with such kind of environment. Because of my training and work experience in the software company, I have developed some of the management skills and competencies which are required to manage the organization. Some skills were developed by the management training, some came from the organization culture and some developed from the perception and self learning in the organization (Werner, 2004). The main competencies which have developed are leadership skills, teamwork, interpersonal skills, organizational ability, managing change, decision making, make for achievement of goals, problem solving skills and analysis, resource management, negotiation skills, l istening skills, and managing conflict skills. But there are some more management skills and values that are still to be developed in me. Those skills and values are self management, organizational ability, good communication skills, prioritizing, strategic planning, and resource management (Suttle, 2016). Planning and coordinating by change management One of the management skills that I want to elaborate is managing change skills which have been developed in me during the work in the software company. The company was facing some challenges so it decided to bring the change in its business operations. In the competitive environment, there is the need to improve the quality of products and services. The change was towards the development of software for code inspection. The training was given to the employees to conduct and participate in the code inspection. For the development of the software of code conduct, there is the requirement of large amount of money and data (Harigopal, 2006). In order to manage the change successfully in the organization, it was necessary to analyze all the phases of change process. There was the requirement of planned learning process for all the employees to improve the effectiveness of the organization. There are seven phases in the change process of the organization which I have learned during the process. Those phases are shock and surprise, refusal and resistance, understanding, emotional acceptance, exercising and learning, realization and integration (Stoltzfus, Stohl Seibold, 2011). The managers of the organization understood the phases of change, and then they act accordingly to implement the successful change. I have learned that the managers of the organization manage the change process without destroying the motivation and goals of the people connected with the organization (Prosci, 2016). Conclusion Based on my learning from the management theories, I have experienced the skills to address the issues, improve the performance, to get the result of human resources, and to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. I have learned that the main aim of the organization is to make the shareholders happy. From the above analysis, it has been observed that it is very important to for an organization to develop the management skills and organizational competencies to improve the performance of the organization. This is also important to meet the organizational challenges effectively and efficiently in the dynamic environment. In order to manage the change successfully in the organization, it was necessary to analyze all the phases of change process. The management competence and skills are very important for the managers to provide the best services within the budget cost and specified quality. References Hammer, M., (2010), what is Business Process Management: In Handbook on Business Process Management, Berlin: Springer Harigopal, K., (2006), Management for Organizational Change: leveraging Transformation (2nd edition),India: Sage Publication Inc Prosci, (2016), Change management process, accessed on 21st September 2016 from https://www.prosci.com/change-management/thought-leadership-library/change-management-process Suttle, R., (2016), Growth Strategies in Business, accessed on 21st September 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/growth-strategies-business-4510.html Stoltzfus, K., Stohl, C., Seibold, D. R., (2011), Managing organizational change: Paradoxical problems, solutions, and consequences: Journal of Organizational Change Management, (24), 349-367 Werner, A., (2004), A Guide to Implementation Research. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press